Sources Of Finance For Synergy International Limited

This report will research available sources of finance for Synergy International Limited to enable the company to invest in new machinery, at a cost of approximately  £225,000, in order to manufacture mobile phone covers for the Samsung S7 Edge. Also included in this report, are the information needs of the different decision makers. There are long term external sources of finance that Synergy International Limited could access; they could issue preference or ordinary shares although there would be issue costs. Finance, in the way of term loans or a mortgage could also be sourced from banks and other financial institutions; often these are secured with assets which is usually land and property if a mortgage is being sourced. To avoid†¦show more content†¦There are short term external sources of finance available in the form of a bank overdraft which is flexible and can be increased/decreased instantaneously (subject to bank approval). These can be inexpensive to arrange with competitive interest rates but these rates are higher than a term loan and this is not a secure form of finance as a bank overdraft could become repayable on demand. Another source of short term external funding to be considered is asset based finance which is utilised by debt factoring which will reduce tied up funds in the customer accounts and is outsourced to a subcontractor. According to Dyson, ‘there are two types of factoring: recourse factoring, where an entity obtains a loan based on the amount of its debtor balances and non-recourse factoring, where the debtor balances are sold to a factor and the factor then takes responsibility for dealing with them. Factoring is a convenient way of obtaining ready cash but either the interest rate on the loan or the discount on the invoices may be high’, (2010:437). Short term Internal sources of finance can be achieved by using tighter credit control, therefore exercising good cashflow management by reducing terms and payment period to customers although potential lost sales and the reputation of the company should be considered together with credit policies adopted by rival businesses. Synergy International Limited could also improve cashflow byShow MoreRelatedMod 5 Slp1309 Words   |  6 PagesMergers, and Acquisitions Trident University International Strategic Corporate Finance FIN 501 MOD 5 SLP Introduction Garmin is a global supplier of Global Positioning Systems. The company targets primarily the aviation, maritime and fitness industry. Garmin is the current leader in the GPS market boasting the highest equity and lowest debt in the industry. 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BY SHASHANK AGARWAL STUDENT ID: 4055919 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank everyone who helped me in the compiling of my dissertation, from initial research to final documentation. I specially want to thank Ms. Kuasirinikan Nongnooch who supervised this studyRead MoreA Case Study Of The Acquisition Of The Jaguar And Land Rover By Tata Motors13720 Words   |  55 Pagesthrough realization of synergy from the merger of firms. It also intends to study the managerial complexities associated with these key factors. Method – A case study method approach has been adopted in this research from Tata Motors acquisition of Jaguar and Land Rover a British Automotive brand in mid of 2008. In-depth semi-structured interviews, with managers and executives, having experience on change management integration of the firms, constitute as empirical source. Findings DiscussionRead MoreMerger and Acquisition: Current Issues115629 Words   |  463 PagesMergers and Acquisitions Current Issues Edited by Greg N. Gregoriou and Karyn L. Neuhauser MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS Also edited by Greg N. Gregoriou ADVANCES IN RISK MANAGEMENT ASSET ALLOCATION AND INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENTS DIVERSIFICATION AND PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT OF MUTUAL FUNDS PERFORMANCE OF MUTUAL FUNDS Mergers and Acquisitions Current Issues Edited by GREG N. GREGORIOU and KARYN L. NEUHAUSER Selection and editorial matter  © Greg N. Gregoriou and Karyn L. NeuhauserRead MoreMergers and Acquisitions in Automobile Industry9279 Words   |  38 Pagesmarket. Though the number of players is limited and access is restricted to a select few, the industry acts as a linchpin to modern economics and commerce. It is important to note that the spectrum of the game has been changed by the Global Financial Crises. Much has been said about the mergers and acquisitions industry and its impact globally, however comparatively the field of research on mergers and acquisitions in automotive sector has been quite limited. 3.3 Statement of Research ObjectivesRead MoreThe Impact Of Non Bank Financial Institutions On Financial Stability Essay2066 Words   |  9 Pagesdominant role in mobilizing funds and using these resources for investment. Due to their structural limitations and rigidity of different regulations, banks could not expand their operations in all expected areas and were confined to a relatively limited sphere of financial services. Moreover, their efforts to meet long term financing with short term resources may result in asset-liability mismatch, which can create pressure on their financial base. They also could not broaden their operational horizon

Federal Elections Committee Vs. United States - 1389 Words

Carly Stevens Sara Angevine American Government 10 May 2016 Federal Elections Committee versus Citizens United The increasingly popular organization, Citizens United, is focused on circumscribing government in order to decentralize power and place it in the hands of the people (â€Å"Who-We-Are†). Their firm beliefs are rooted in the ideas that the founding fathers had for this country based on values such as common sense, good will, and honesty (â€Å"Who-We-Are). Citizens United Productions, or (CUP) is an award-winning documentary production crew run by Citizens United with the intention of revealing the truth about particular candidates, which often tend to reveal damaging information about said candidate. (â€Å"Who-We-Are†). Recently, Citizens†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, they must disclose that the candidate of which the advertising is about does not condone the message (Citizens United versus Federal Election Commission.). The Supreme Court struck down the law, thus essentially allowing unlimited funding of candidates from corporations. The unrestricted ac cess that campaigns have when funding grants legal impairment of those who are unable to donate money as a corporation would, thus making the votes of the people matter less. In the post-civil war era until World War One lived many elites who prided themselves on their shoddy and commercialized wealth, which can also be said about the current political climate existent in America today. In the era termed â€Å"The Gilded Age,† by one Mark Twain, there also thrived a great deal of political corruption due to huge amounts of money that existed in the economy, similarly to our current political climate. Due to an influx of immigrants that localized to urban areas such as Chicago there were high concentrations of people in relatively small areas creating problems for the welfare of people (â€Å"Gilded Age Scandal and Corruption†). As it is the government’s responsibility to aid those in need, it was still not enough for many. In causality, organizations were created to fill the gap between government could provide and what the people needed. These organizations did things like â€Å"giving material assistance to new arrivals, got peopl e jobs, provided necessities for families in distress,

Time and Money Management Free Essays

Time and money management are integral parts of being a college student. With class, homework, and extracurricular activities, many students struggle to find enough time in the day to do everything they need to and still get enough sleep. Also, many college students are unable to manage their money while buying food and other luxuries. We will write a custom essay sample on Time and Money Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now After reviewing the articles posted on these topics, some key ideas jumped out to help make me a more effective person. The first topic that was researched was time management.This is very important for a student to be more effective throughout their day and waste less time. Many college students have a tendency to be lethargic throughout the day and then cram their work into the night. After reading the articles on time management, the main tip to help solve this tendency is to plan your day. This will cut down on the dead time you have and will also prevent you from ever getting bored. The tips however were based upon knowing yourself including your tendencies and personality. The first step was to analyze yourself and what your goals are. By determining your goals, a person can decide how strict they want their daily routine to be and how much free time they want to allocate themself. Another tip is to identify possible time-wasters. These will change for each person but is a very helpful hint. If a person knows what their time-wasters are, they can avoid situations where they come up and also escape them easier when they are faced with a time-waster. These time-wasters include procrastination, interruptions, and lack of planning.These are all things that plague me and knowing my potential time-wasters has helped me find places to do my work that will limit my distractions. The second topic that was researched was money management. This is important for college because kids are on their own and cannot depend on their parents to track their money for them. Keeping money management tips in mind will help college students keep money in their bank account and feel safe monetarily. The first tip in the article is to track your spending.This is important because many people lose track of how much they have spent and do not realize it until it is too late. The next step in managing money is getting a plan to budget your money and decide how much money will be allotted for different things. Money should be allotted for food, clothes, and hobbies or relaxing purchases such as a cd or a videogame. Another tip is to limit the use of credit cards when making purchases. Many students get in the habit of using their credit cards losing track of much they have spent.The next tips focus on realizing that you may not be able to purchase everything you want. This is tough for many people and the article suggests that even if you do make a mistake and blow your budget, just make up for it the next week. Looking ahead and saving money for bills or purchases in the future can help with money management a lot as well. The last and one of the most useful tips the article gives is recognizing how you can utilize your roommate in managing your money. You can delegate responsibilities and split expenses with your roommate as much as possible, making college much easier and cheaper. The articles posted on time and money management were very helpful. The best tip I got from the time-management article was â€Å"The 4 D’s of Time Management. † The four D’s include, â€Å"do it†, â€Å"delegate it†, â€Å"dump it†, â€Å"defer it†. Each D applies to a different situation you might encounter while trying to do work and provides a solution for dealing with it. The four D’s are easy to remember and give you basic principles to fall back on when you are faced with a distraction. The best tip I got from money management was to limit how much I use my credit card and to try and use cash more often.Studies show students spend 30% more when using a credit card because there is no sense of a limit like there would be if they used cash. All of these tips reminded me of the time I went out to dinner with a girl and when I tried to pay the check with my credit card, my card cancelled because I had spent all of the money in my account without knowing it. This was embarrassing and luckily I had some cash with me to pay but I learned my lesson. Now with the money management tips I have learned, this will not happen again.After reading the money and time management articles, I am more prepared to navigate through college by myself. They each gave easy tips to remember and make you a more effective manager. I would suggest these articles to all of my friends because they were helpful to me and they came from reliable sources. Most articles I came across had similar ideas but there are specific ideas that will stick to me from both articles I chose. For me, knowing my time-wasters and limiting the use of my credit card were the biggest tips I got from each article. How to cite Time and Money Management, Essays

Ed Boehm free essay sample

Edward Marshall Boehm Inc. Case Study The Edward Marshall Boehm case talks about a company whose main objective is to produce the highest possible quality porcelain products while keeping a focus to nature. The following report will include the company’s vision and mission statement, their main objectives, a SWOT analysis and their specific plans in great detail. Edward Marshall Boehm’s vision for the company is â€Å"to capture that special moment and setting which conveys the character, charm and loveliness of a bird or animal in its natural habitat† with his highest possible quality porcelain products. His mission is similar to his vision statement in that he wants to make the world aware and protective of endangered wildlife by making them aware of nature’s charm. As stated in the introduction, the main objective is to make the highest objective porcelain products focused on nature. Other main objectives include trying to establish the company to stay profitable for the long run. We will write a custom essay sample on Ed Boehm or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The company is particularly focused on making their quality products with the purpose of raising awareness and raising a profit, rather than mass producing for quantity. With these objectives, they believe it will put them where they want to be in the long run. After reviewing the case we have completed a SWOT analysis to get a better idea of where they are headed. The company’s strengths are numerous and promise success. They use a very high quality porcelain clay equal to the finest in the world and have the skill to make many different beautiful figurines. Mr. Boehm is not only extremely artistically talented but also has unlimited knowledge about the art market. He also leads promotion for the company and possesses great merchandising skills. Mr. Boehm could be named as a strength himself. The porcelain figures are becoming increasingly recognized as unique, and irreplaceable as well as many becoming collector’s items; the most intricate have been priced at over $20,000. The weaknesses are less numerous than the strengths but are still existent. First, the figure making process is complex, including 52 steps. This makes it extremely hard when orders become numerous and they start to get backordered, it is hard to catch up because Mr. Boehm is the only artist. Considering at the time this case was written Boehm was 55 years old, it may be hard to view the long-term vision for the company because he may not be around to always be able to create the same quality products he once was able to produce. There is also the expense of creating the products, and the travels Mr. Boehm makes in order to bring back live models of his birds. The company may look at several opportunities in order to improve their company. First, they should consider expanding into international markets; doing this could get their name out there and attract more customers. Mr. Boehm should look into teaching other people how to make the same high quality figures so they are able to create more products efficiently and have less backorders. Finally they should look into selling their porcelain clay to other businesses in order to make more money. We feel that this company faces many threats. As mentioned before Mr. Boehm’s age could potentially be a threat for the businesses. The fact that they have backorders may start to frustrate the customers and cause them to stop ordering from the company because the wait isn’t worth it. A rise in the cost of materials to make the figures may cause him to raise the cost of selling them which will in turn cause the loss of customers. New competitors could always be a threat and they may find a more efficient way to get the figures to customers quickly without backorders. We have a few specific plans that will help this company continue to thrive in the future. The most important thing to do is for Mr. Boehm to train other people in his craft. This is crucial if the company is to plan for long term. Another plan is to hire more than one company to distribute the product. Right now they only have one distributor, Milton China. With more distributors he could reach a larger market. The final plan we came up with is to work on technological advancements to make the long tedious process of making the figures quicker. The largest problem of the company is that it has so many backorders, with technology they could possibly speed up the process and narrow down the amount of backorders. We feel with our analysis that Edward Marshall Boehm Inc. is in good position for the future but they could make vast improvements if they capitalize on their opportunities and focus on the specific plans we provided.

Addidas and Nike free essay sample

Questionnaire Name: Address: Q1 Age Group: 1. 15-20 2. 20-25 3. 25-35 4. 35-50 5. 50 Q2 How many pairs of sports shoes do you buy in a year on an average? A. 1 or none B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 4 Q3 Which brand of shoes do you prefer to buy? A. NIKE B. ADIDDAS C. OTHER (Specify)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Q4 Out of the two brands which is your preferred brand for sporting products (other than shoes)? A. Nike B. Adidas Q5 Which brand products are you better informed about? A. ADIDAS B. NIKE C. NONE Q6 If you have visited a retail outlet of Nike and Adidas then which brand’s staff was better informed about the products and provided you with a better insight of the products? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Q7 Which brand’s products are you more up-to date on? A. Nike B. Adidas Q8 How much do you rate the After Sale Service of Nike and Adidas respectively on a scale of 1 to 10: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Q9 which store consistently provides the best values for your money? A. Nike B. Adidas C. Others†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Q10 which store has the best advertised sales and specials? A. Nike B. Adidas Q13 which store has the best quality merchandise? A. Nike B. Adidas Q14 which store maintains the best everyday price for most merchandise? A. Nike B. Adidas Q15 which store has the most convenient store layout for shopping? A. Nike B. Adidas Q16 Tick the one with which you are agree:- Description| Co. Name1| Co. Name2| | Addidas| Nike| This store has modern-looking equipment and fixtures. |   |   | Materials associated with this stores service (such as shopping bags, catalogs, or statements) are visually appealing. |   |   | The store layout at this store makes it easy for customers to move around and find what they need. |   |   | This store provides its services at the time it promises to do so. |   |   | This store has merchandise available when the customers want it. |   |   | This store insists on error-free sales transactions and records.   |   | Employees in this store have the knowledge to answer customers questions. |   |   | The behavior of employees in this store creates confidence in customers. |   |   | Customers feel safe in their transactions with this store. |   |   | Employees in this store give prompt service to customers. |   |   | Employees in this store are never too busy to respond to customers requests. |   |   | This store gives customers individua l attention. |   |   | This store willingly handles returns and exchanges.   |   | When a customer has a problem, this store shows a sincere interest in solving it. |   |   | Employees of this store are able to handle customer complaints directly and immediately. |   |   | This store offers high quality merchandise. |   |   | This store provides plenty of convenient parking for customers. |   |   | This store has operating hours convenient to all their customers. |   |   | This store accepts most major credit or Debit cards. |   |   |

Inning, Innings, and the Seventh-Inning Stretch

Inning, Innings, and the Seventh-Inning Stretch Inning, Innings, and the Seventh-Inning Stretch Inning, Innings, and the Seventh-Inning Stretch By Maeve Maddox In the games of baseball and cricket, opposing teams take turns batting a ball. A baseball game is divided into nine innings during which each team has a turn at bat. Each half of an inning ends with the third out. (An out occurs when a player strikes out or is tagged between bases.) I’ll let Merriam-Webster explain the cricket term innings: innings (noun): plural but singular or plural in construction :   a division of a cricket match in which one side continues batting until ten players are retired or the side declares; also :  the time a player stays as a batsman until he is out, until ten teammates are out, or until his side declares. Both terms have given rise to figurative expressions. In reference to cricket, the term â€Å"to have one’s innings† can mean simply, â€Å"to have one’s turn at something.† Spoken of someone who dies at an advanced age, â€Å"to have a good innings,† means, â€Å"to have a long and successful life.† Here are some examples of the figurative use of innings: The men had their innings in a revival of George Bernard Shaw’s Don Juan in Hell, performed as a staged reading in the style designed by Charles Laughton in 1952. Berry told the Radio Times: I have no desire to be a centenarian. I think 90 is a great time. Youve had a good innings.† From baseball comes the expression â€Å"the seventh-inning stretch.† The ritual of the seventh-inning stretch is described in a letter dated 1869: The spectators all arise between halves of the seventh inning, extend their legs and arms and sometimes walk about. In so doing they enjoy the relief afforded by relaxation from a long posture upon hard benches. Chicago Cubs fans have been singing â€Å"Take Me Out to the Ballgame† during the seventh-inning stretch since 1982. It’s often referred to as â€Å"the seventh-inning song.† In researching this post, I discovered that some baseball fans are a bit confused about what to call this traditional interlude: Incorrect: The  seventh ending stretch  came and to our surprise an announcement was being made over the loud speakers and a message appeared on the scoreboard. Correct : The  seventh-inning stretch  came and to our surprise an announcement was being made over the loud speakers and a message appeared on the scoreboard. Incorrect: In typical fashion, the third quarter seemed like a seventh ending stretch. Bear and I both took several catnaps due to the lackluster performance of both teams. Correct : In typical fashion, the third quarter seemed like a seventh-inning stretch. Bear and I both took several catnaps due to the lackluster performance of both teams. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Has vs. HadRound vs. Around75 Synonyms for â€Å"Hard†

Nagel's bat argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Nagel's bat argument - Essay Example This shortcoming in Nagel’s argument comes as a result of a conceptual error regarding the nature of a mind-independent, or objective, phenomenon. The nature of phenomenal experience can be illustrated with a thought experiment. A scientist can apply artificial impulses to a subject’s cerebrum through electrodes, causing the subject to react in predicable ways: moving his arm, yelling loudly, and so on. These artificial inputs mirror exactly the natural functioning of the brain. Imagine then if the scientist simulates pain, evoking the appropriate physiological responses, but hears no reports of pain from the subject. For pain to exist, we might conclude, there is a necessary condition that there be first ­-hand, phenomenal experience of such. Even though the physiological responses to pain appear, there is still the lack of subjectivity, which proves necessary for the ontic existence of pain. Nagel uses the term â€Å"subjective character of experience† to denote the thought that a point-of-view is essentially a set the sum of a thing’s subjective phenomena. The notion of the subjective character of experience suggests, according to Nagel, that some kinds of facts, namely the means by which mental states arise from physical ones, are outside of the realm of human experience and thus unknowable. A bat, for instance, perceives its environment entirely different from how a human being would and given that there is something that the bat subjectively experiences there seems to be some ontological closure for the human mind to some facts. The bat forms a particularly effective tool for Nagel to illustrate his claim insofar as that species employs a sensory device of sonar, which is a radically different from man’s means of perception. While any conscious animal would do, the bat’s sensory tools are clearly different in every respect of its operation from sight or any of the other human senses. While clearly conscious, the bat has its own very

The brand perception impact of advertising for Starbucks Company Essay - 2

The brand perception impact of advertising for Starbucks Company - Essay Example Management judgment has also become an important factor as it determines the location scheme based on the information gathered from the consumer. According to Davies (2003), the information is mainly comprised of expectations for the products and what it could offer, putting an emphasis on its difference from competitors. These dynamic approaches have produced models that have been used for historical sales and marketing data, while Mathieson (2005) cited that the models shaped by the advertising media were also seen as effective maneuver for improving brand performance. According to (Wesly & Manatt 2008), in order to effectively position one brand in the market, a marketing executive needs to consider four fundamental changes that have serve as driving forces of brand positioning in the market. According to Wesly & Manatt (2008), these are: 1. The explosion of internet and other technology driven channels that resulted into numerous methods of improving one brand presence. One significant characteristic is that this change has increased the targeted audience, making the brand more known to a large number of people in a span of minutes or seconds. 2. Technology has also resulted into the increase of word of mouth. Technology presented a much efficient and faster way of sharing brand information such as the internet, wherein customers could shop online while talking to one of their friends via chat room. According to Bazerghi, Tarrant, Munro & Levine (n.d.), this method has significantly improved how brand presence is shaped as most people use the internet nowadays, and that there is about 40 percent of total market consumers that are into online shopping. Word of mouth specifically helps in the positioning of a brand in the market, as it directly helps in the pinpointing who are the customers that avail the product most of the time. 3. Business partnerships have opened new paths to increasing brand presence and

Electrical and Electronic principles Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Electrical and Electronic principles - Lab Report Example When connected to the DC power source, the current flows through the circuit. The potential difference increases while the capacitor is being charged. When the voltage on the terminals is of the capacitors is equal to the power supply voltage, the capacitor is fully charged. When the circuit is disconnected from the power supply, the capacitor is said to be discharging through the resistors. The voltage across the circuits then drops gradually until it is zero. At first, there is very little charge in the circuit. When power is supplied from the DC source, a charge builds up in the both the resistors and the capacitors. It is noted that as the charge increases in the circuit, the current recorded on the circuit gets smaller. From the experiment carried out above, we can learn that the changes in both the voltage and current in a multisim circuit when charging and discharging. The charge Q in a circuit is dependent on the amount of voltage present and in turn this influences the current measured on the circuit. When the amount of charge gets larger, the amount of current measured gets smaller. When discharging, the voltage across the resistors and the capacitors drops gradually until it reduces to zero. The phase angles of both current and the voltage in this circuit have equal but opposite magnitude. The tests carried out in the lab and through simulation of the multisim circuit have been used to demonstrate that these conclusions are true. In conclusion, it has the concept of charging and recharging of multisim circuits has been well understood and all the factors that influence the obtained results have been identified hence the objective has been fully

Flight Control System Using Zigbee Wireless Sensors Engineering Essay

Flight Control System Using Zigbee Wireless Sensors Engineering Essay Abstract- This paper presents the future concept of flight control systems that is named as Fly-By-Sensors (FBS) flight control system. It can be used for controlling and monitoring of an in-flight functions, taking off and landing, voice communication etc. and can be employed on any kind of air vehicle including Unmanned Air Vehicles, Quad rotor, Aerial Vehicles, Drones, Jet air craft, commercial air craft etc. Nowadays, a fly-by-wire (FBW) flight control system of Air vehicles is employed for last few years in aircrafts through which the internal and external functions of aircraft are controlled and monitored by electrical signals which are transmitted and received by electrical wires. The proposed idea is based on Zigbee Wireless Sensor network that can be implemented on any air vehicle by using Zigbee Wireless Sensors that are low cost, low power, reliable and secure to control and monitor the internal and external functions of the air vehicles. The electrical signals, for contro lling and monitoring of internal and external functions of air vehicle, in Fly-By-Sensors (FBS) flight control system will be transmitted and received by using Zigbee wireless sensor network. The proposed idea will bring remarkable improvements in the field of avionics and aerospace. Keywords-component; Zigbee Wireless Sensors; FBS; FBW; flight control system of Air Vehicles. Introduction (Heading 1) The flight companies are in a struggle to reduce their air craft operational and maintenance costs, saving fuel consumption and the gross take-off-weight of the air vehicles to carry as many as useful things for civil and military purposes. In past several applications of Fly-By-Wire (FBW) flight control systems to civil aircrafts had been experienced. In FBW flight control systems the commands for controlling of the aircrafts internal and external functions are computed by the on board flight control computer on the basis of instructions by the pilot and without any mechanical linkage[1]. This resulted in the reduction of pilot workload and in general improvement of the Flying Qualities (FQ) characteristics. However the high development costs of a FBW flight control system made it unaffordable for the small aircrafts [2]. Moreover, FBW flight control system is the ability to exhibit aircraft configurations and parameters which provide increased aerodynamic efficiency, but at a cost of reduced natural stability. Moreover, this can cause instability of the aircraft at specific speeds and height conditions (or flight envelope). However, maintenance and troubleshooting of air vehicles, such as fault detection and monitoring systems of modern fly-by-wire (FBW) flight control system cannot detect faulty location accurately, so that experts can troubleshoot them in a shorter time. However, troubleshooting time depends mainly on the personnels skillfulness and experience [3]. Flight Control Systems Fly-By-Optics(FBO) flight control system FBO control system as the name implies that this kind of flight control system is based on the light signals which are transmitted through optical fibers. It uses electronic signals, transmitted through the fiber optics inside the air vehicles to control the employed electro-hydraulic actuators such as flaps, spoilers, slats, ailerons and rudder, in response to input commands. Some times, it is used because of higher transfer data rates. The data generates by the software and interpret by the controller. It is also called as fly-by-light flight control systems. Power-By-Wire (PBW) flight control system [4] Power-by-wire (PBW) is a control systems employed in some aircrafts to eliminate the bulky and heavy hydraulic circuits to replace by self contained electro-hydraulic actuators or electrical power circuits that are controlled by the digital flight control computers. Proposed Fly-By-Sensors (FBS) Flight Control System The proposed flight control system is Fly-By-Sensors (FBS) flight control system to employ on any kind of air vehicle. As the name implies this type of control system will base on latest Zigbee technology which is low cost, low power consumption and short distance wireless communication technology that is developed for wireless personal area network (WPAN) [5]. By using this technology, the reduction in high cost in the manufacturing of electrical wires, gross take off weight of the air vehicles, fast detection of faulty equipment, landing and taking off of the air craft on auto pilot function of the aircraft, safety, security and so on, can be achieved. Zigbee Wireless Technology ZigBee is similar to IEEE 802.15.4 protocol, which is a one of the latest research in the field of communications in short distance wireless communication technology. Its main advantages are low-power, short-distance, low-complexity, self organization, low-speed, low-cost, and so on. It is widely using as monitoring and controlling devices in many fields. It is suitable for low data-rate and low power consumption applications [6]. Figure : Difference of other wireless network standards with Zigbee Network standards (Source: www.zigbee.org) Zigbee Characteristics The IEEE 802.15.4 or Zigbee standard includes the features of low power consumption that is needed just for two major modes (Tx/Rx or Sleep), high density of nodes per network, low costs and simple installation of devices. Following are some more features for Zigbee: It operates on radio bands of 2.4GHz in this high band is used in most of the jurisdictions of world wide, 868/915 MHz, this lower band in the areas of North America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand. High density of network nodes which is up to 65,000 network nodes. Low in cost, complexity power consumption as compared to competing technologies. Data rates ranges are 250Kbps for 2.45GHz, 40 Kbps for 915MHz and 20Kbps for 868MHz band. Handshaking and 3 Frequencies bands with 27 channels. Extremely low duty-cycle ( Star, cluster tree and mesh topologies can be used in Zigbee technology with the devices named as network coordinators, routers and end devices. Figure Zigbee Devices Characteristics Zigbee Wireless Network used for landing of aircraft Zigbee technology has been used for landing of the Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAV) and tested. The results showed that the recognition rate is over 90%, and the calculated error of position in landing of the UAV is less than 3m with 5000m distance and 0.2m with a measure of 500m distance. [7]. Figure Landing of UAV through Zigbee Wireless Sensors Networks [7]. As the Figure 3 shows the landing of UAV by using Zigbee sensors so we propose that Zigbee devices can also be used to control the aircrafts or UAVs for taking off purposes too so that the function of auto pilot can be used in an unfavorable climate conditions for safety and security purposes. Figure Proposed Future Concept of Taking off of the Aircraft through Zigbee Sensors Proposed Fly-By-Sensors (FBS) over Fly-By-Wire (FBW) flight control System In FBW flight control system, as the all electrical signals to Electro Hydraulic Actuators, Aileron, flap, rudder etc. are transmitted through wires. So the cost and weight of electrical wires limits the FBW control system to the commercial aircrafts only. Moreover, maintenance and troubleshooting of the faulty electrical wires consumes time and cost. The Safety and security of FBW flight control system is costly and non reliable for long term usage. Whereas, FBS flight control system will have the following advantages over FBW or PBW: It will be cheaper to use Zigbee technology than using electrical wires as it will costs almost 80% more than using the wireless sensors. The low power feature of Zigbee wireless sensors makes it to use for years without rechargeable batteries. The operating radio frequency is license free that is 2.4GHz with 16 channels FBS control system will provide the safe monitoring system for controlling the aileron, rudder, electro hydraulic actuators etc. The Zigbee wireless sensor can also provide the Voice communication between pilot and co-pilot and the remaining staff for commercial aircrafts. The promising features of Zigbee technology will improve the reliability in the in-flight fault diagnostics and identification (FDI) as well as fault-tolerant control (FTC). By using Zigbee wireless sensors we will achieve the remarkable decrease in weight of the aircraft that will also help in more stability of the aircraft. At the result, there will be increase the number of passengers, goods or any material for transport purposes etc. Proposed Fly-By-Sensors (FBS) Flight Control Systems Block Diagram Structure Figure Block Diagram of proposed FBS flight Control Systems As Figure 5 shows the commands from the Pilot or from the Autopilot function of the aircraft will transmit by Zigbee Wireless Sensor Network through the on board computer on the aircraft. This technology will also be used for voice communication and other communications purposes in aircrafts. Conclusion The proposed idea of Fly-By-Sensors (FBS) flight control system by using Zigbee Wireless Sensors will be better than Fly-By-Wire (FBW) if it will be employed on the air vehicles. Specifically the decrease in weight, manufacturing cost, maintenance costs, troubleshooting time, power consumption, fuel consumption and increase in stability, reliability, safety, security etc. will bring the remarkable benefits to the aircraft industry. Acknowledgment The research work was supported and assisted by University College of Engineering Technology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur.

John Steinbeck was born to middle-lower class family in the farming Ess

John Steinbeck was born to middle-lower class family in the farming community of Salinas, California. John’s Steinbeck Imagine†¦ your town is suddenly stricken with poverty. Your family business goes under because the economy of your local community can no longer support it. Herds of your closest friends continually move out of the town you grew up in due to a severe shortage of work. The basic necessities of life are so scarce that everyone around you reverts to their animalistic urges to survive. Those who you have came to trust, betray you and your family for selfish reasons. This chaos was typical every day life during the youth of one of America’s greatest writers, John Steinbeck. The environment that engulfed John Stein beck’s early life shaped his literary style to focus on the economic hardships of rural labor and man’s every day struggles with natural urges. John Steinbeck was born to middle-lower class family in the farming community of Salinas, California. John’s father, who was a businessman and politician, experienced great difficulty maintaining a successful business in their small town. John watched his father fail at many endeavors including managing a flour plant and opening a feed and grain store as well as the political corruption his father faced as County Treasurer (Shillinglaw). No matter how much financial adversity John’s family faced, his father always kept a sunny disposition and took the family on frequent trips across California. These small towns and cities John and his family would visit, later served to be the local of his future novels such as: East of Eden and The Red Pony(Fontenrose, 2). John even used his home town of Salinas to serve as the setting for the shor... ...mericans as he did in previous works. In 1960, John published The Winter of Discontent which attacked contemporary American ideals an longed for conservative ideals. This piece, which did not achieve the notoriety that Steinbeck hoped for, would be his last novel before his death in 1968(Shillinglaw). Steinbeck witnessed his home town crumble due to financial strain as a child. He felt the effects of the poor economy as his father bounced from job to job trying to make ends meet. In Steinbeck’s early adulthood he worked odd jobs with the poorest of the poor, staying in touch with the injustices these people faced everyday and witnessing how humans react in times of need. The environment that engulfed John Stein beck’s early life shaped his literary style to focus on the economic hardships of rural labor and man’s every day struggles with natural urges.

China Coin and Rabbit Proof

hina Coin and Rabbit Proof Fence Acceptance and understanding of ones get individuality are necessity for a sense of be. In order to feel a sense of inclusion in society, Individuals must have a deep understanding of their own identity. Without an acceptance of their close and belief, Individuals bath face a sense of exclusion from society. In the novel, The chinaware Coin by Allan Baillie, Leah the protagonist refuses to accept her true identity which results in her not feeling a sense of belonging in society. This is contrasted in the film, Rabbit Proof Fence by Phillip Noyce, in which the protagonist, Molly has a deep understanding of her own/existing Aboriginal culture which assists in her overcoming all barriers and conclusion the place returning to the place where she feels comfortable in. A In The chinaware Coin Leah, the protagonist has accepted her Chinese heritage after several(prenominal) refusals and denials. At the start of the journey, Leah refused to believe in and accept her Chinese Heritage. In the plane, Leah refuses to believe that she was coming shell because she had never been to chinaware before. Leahs acknowledgment of her father, David Waters being English, forced her into thinking that she had no connection with China despite the fact that her generate was Chinese. It is limpid through the internal monologue of Leah when the air hostess welcomes her home but Leah thinks to herself couldnt the woman see? She was not an ABC- Australian born(p) Chinese. Her feeling towards China and the intentions for coming to China are conveyed through another internal monologue by Leah, No, she wasnt leaving home. She was just ducking into a strange and probably unfriendly country to finish what Dad had startedaâ‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦ She only related and employ this journey to her Father but failed to understand the connection her mother had with China. A In Rabbit Proof Fence Mollys rich and deep understanding of her culture and identity helped her overcome all barriers provided against her by the white society†¦. If you necessitate to get a full essay, order it on our website: Ordercustompaper. com

Rock Story essays

Rock Story essays I am a calcite mineral. I have changed a lot in the last few thousand years. I have been in many different types of rocks. Let me tell you about it. I started out in a metaphoric rock. I was a mineral in garnet, along with quartz and hematite. I became that way when I worked my way into the Earths surface and met quartz and hematite. We became very good friends and decided to form a rock together. So we went further into the earth surface and got heated by magma to become garnet. Then I got into a fight with quartz and hematite and we all thought it was best to go our separate ways. I worked my way up to the earths upper mantle where I melted and cooled in magma. I was now an igneous rock. After a very long time I worked my way up to the surface of the earth. It was so good to finally see the sun again! I was an igneous rock for thousands of years, and I liked it that way. I was in the wind so much though that I became a sedimentary rock. I formed limestone with aragonite. When I was a sedimentary rock I eventually got washed away down a river and into the ocean. After thousands of years I settled on the ocean floor and other layers of minerals formed on top of me. We were all pressed together and I was once again sedimentary rock. But this didnt last as long as I though it would because there was an earthquake and I got pushed down far into the earths crust. From the pressure of the earths crust colliding and the heat of the magma I turned into a metamorphic rock again. Now I sit in the earths crust waiting until I change once again. I hope that I will soon see the sun again, so I wont be so cramped down here with all these other minerals. The heat down here makes everybody a little irritable. It may take thousands of years but one day I will change again and become a different type of rock. ...

Character Analysis Using Theory Of Personality Development Social Work Essays

Character Analysis Using Theory Of Personality Development Social Work Essays Character Analysis Using Theory Of Personality Development Social Work Essay Character Analysis Using Theory Of Personality Development Social Work Essay several people are fighting with personality issues. The theory by Freud has helped us to analyze an person s character and to be able to pull a decision refering the degree of development of the Id, self-importance and superego. My Experience During my internship at the general ward as a practicing nurse to be, I was able to see teamwork struggles. This experience played good during the conference, therefore enabling me to larn more from a practical attack. I was besides able to portion my experience with the other IP squad members. I besides learnt of import facets of IP communicating and working that are built-in to the success of IP coaction. These include, non utilizing slangs, listening whenever other squad members are speaking, oppugning premises sanely, advancing the rights and self-respect of IP squad members. There are certain footings that adult nurses will utilize which cause confusion and ambiguity, therefore doing others who assume the significance of slangs to error. On the other manus, I would besides larn to decide ethical issues within my IP squad. Certain ethical issues are bound to impact the IP coaction within my working squads. I would hence esteem other IP squad member s ethical standing and attack any indifference with a voice of ground in a command to drive sense into the squad member s apprehension. Indeed, most of the squad members agreed to the fact that favoritism was so a shared concern. During my internship, I watched a patient walk in with his girlfriend. It was apparent that from the start, the physician on call could non give effectual way and as if this was non plenty, the physician could non take a leading function and advice the girlfriend to quiet down. I believe as a hereafter grownup nurse, I would hold tackled this state of affairs with more humor. My first measure would hold been to take control of the state of affairs and give the patient options with the benefits of each. This would hold given more insight to the girlfriend and cut down the struggle. I would besides originate active communicating with the remainder of the grownup nurses for audience in privateness. Interprofessional instruction would hold enabled me to efficaciously originate communicating with my squad members, therefore taking control of the state of affairs in good clip. As an grownup nurse, every patient s status is of import since my nucleus value is to continue life. I have besides learnt the effectivity of working in partnership with the patients through hearing and reacting to their concerns. I have besides learnt that it would be of import to confer with with the patients sing their intervention and attention before get downing such. While reflecting this experience, I shall work closely with my squad members as an grownup nurse and invariably pass on with the relevant governments and IP squad members for quality wellness and societal attention bringing. I truly acknowledge that I would necessitate a compendious apprehension of teamwork and modern attacks towards wellness and societal solutions. As a hereafter grownup nurse, I will ever guarantee that I initiate effectual communicating with the remainder of my IP squad members so as to work together for the common good of the patients. The experience that I learnt was so utile as it would enable me to efficaciously go a successful grownup nurse who would stand out from the remainder. The person-centred attack was peculiarly imperative in guaranting that I am able to understand the generation of multi-disciplinary teamwork. I so acknowledge that issues associating to patient attention should be approached with interprofessional teamwork so that each medical practician offers advice in his or her country of professional cognition while guaranting that they work as a squad. My experience at the multi-disciplinary conference would enable me to go a successful grownup nurse who values teamwork and professional coaction. This conference has besides enabled me to hold a clear image of what medical professionals go through and what can be done to debar such challenges. I now feel adequately capable of tacking these challenges that my calling as an grownup nurse will supply. I have besides learnt to take into history the positions of other people when doing of import determinations. Indeed issues of race, gender, category and gender among others should non impact multi-disciplinary teamwork. Cultural and societal differences should non be construed as effectual barriers to IP teamwork. As a hereafter grownup nurse, the conference was a brainstorming session which expanded my experience. I was besides able to larn that certain general footings used by patients to mention to their unwellness may so do great confusion among professional wellness and societal attention practicians. These are referred to as stereotypes. In such a state of affairs, the wellness and societal professional practician should confer with the other members of his or her IP group or squad so as to come up with the proper reading therefore limit mistakes in the intervention of the patient s status. Synergy theoretical account of nursing supports this statement and calls for more audience in the intervention of the patient. The group treatment on IP instruction enabled me to visualise the world between theory and pattern. The patient-centred position was clearly illuminated by the patient s voice presentation. The exclusion of IP working has been seen in collaborative intervention. Decisions made by single inexperient physicians have been tragic. The instance of Victoria Climbie and Baby Peter can outdo illuminate this when Baby Tiffany passed on due to negligence. Findingss from this tragic state of affairs enabled physicians and nurses to set up a model that saw the bar of such state of affairss. It was agreed that IP squads would non be able to forestall the happening of every tragic incidence. Some would so be inevitable. Hence, I was able to larn the value of communicating and coaction in the physique up to my calling as an grownup nurse. Calla lily besides seems to be fighting with her gender. She is a sapphic but before the Christian resurgence she can non squeal her feelings to Rachel because of the society s positions on the topic but after the meeting everyone is experiencing like they can open up and that is when she openly tells Rachel of her feelings even though she is turned down. Decision In decision, we can state that the three elements that make up person s personality are really important in modeling the character of person and greatly act upon what person turns into when they are grownups. We should hence endeavor to assist the Id, self-importance and superego to turn good and the self-importance particularly should be nurtured to excel the other two in laterality, because as research has shown for a sound believing grownup, the self-importance should rule. Equally much as this may non be achieved in all people, those who hang around kids should actuate them so that they do non hold jobs in maturity in individuality or of self-esteem like was the instance of Rachel and Calla. Rachel s super-ego is something to think with though at times she seems to be non confident plenty to undertake the state of affairs at manus. She stands out as a she-wolf, ever prehending any chance that comes her manner.

Restrictions on U.S. Imports of Japanese Autos Essay

Restrictions on U.S. Imports of Japanese Autos - Essay Example However, the financial problems of GM (which were made worse by increased Japanese competition), did facilitate giving an incredibly large sum of bailout money to them. According to most analysts, GM is showing signs of a strong recovery, but how they will fare in the long run remains to be seen. Personally, I don’t think it is a good thing to be totally dependant on a foreign producer of cars, but at the same time the government shouldn’t be subsidizing a company just to make sure it stays alive. Car companies and other entrepreneurs are perfectly capable of competing with foreign markets; they just need more competent leaders to find ways to increase efficiency. Ford and Dodge didn’t need a bailout and they are still competitive so why was it so important to keep a struggling business alive? It’s not as if GM was the only American car company left. As far as production goes, it would probably be a good idea to imitate Japanese automakers since they seem to have a competitive edge over American made cars. If American automakers can’t succeed in this then they probably don’t deserve to be in business and, economically speaking, would be better off looking for something where there is a competitive advantage to be had. As far as tariffs and quotas on Japanese automobiles are concerned, a tariff is better than a quota because a tariff generates revenue for the government and a quota does not. Also, tariffs are less likely to lead to corruption and smuggling. For instance, if a country wants to import 10,000 and a quota only allows for 5,000 the government would determine which suppliers would be left out. This could lead to government officials â€Å"playing favorites† and getting kickbacks from suppliers. We have seen in the past how as foreign companies raise their prices to pay for tariffs the American companies follow suit and raise their prices as

Christianity and Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Christianity and Human Rights - Essay Example The Christian faith has been very instrumental in ensuring that the universal human rights are respected and that everybody is born with a certain inalienable rights that cannot be taken away from them. This means that everybody is equal irregardless of their races, color, sex and religion. Although Christianity has been cited by some people as being oppressive in various instances in the history, the role it has played in promoting human rights can be overly underestimated and this is because the religion from its inception have considered everybody as being created by one Supreme Being, God and that everybody is equal before the eyes of the lord (Tierney, 1997). However, the religion has also been culprit of gross human rights violation in various instances in history and especially the Pre-Christian period whereby some people were considered to have more rights than others. However, even at this time the religion still advocated for human rights in various aspects. The most import part to note is that the foundation that was laid by the religion have been very instrumental in today’s humanism and this can be evidenced by the fact that today’s secular humanism have adopted some of its aspects from Christianity (Jack, 2008). History Christianity has been very instrumental in furthering the ideology of universality and this means that since the Pre-Christian era to the modern time Christianity, the Christians have been very vocal in issues surrounding the human rights. In this respect, the Christians have also been involved in various issues that are concerned with human rights and this can be evidenced by various sentiments that have been aired by the Christians in various periods in the history. During the Pre-Christianity period the Jew advocated for the equality of all men (Richard Tuck, 1973). However, their views towards women were deeply discriminating and this can be attributed to the fact that their laws grossly violated the rights of the women. This can be evidenced by the various laws that were put in place whereby the women were not recognized as independent entities and they could not be allowed to attend some ceremonies and also perform some religious activities. All the leaders at that time were men and only few women assumed leadership roles. However, during that period, all people were considered to be created by God and with that came various inalienable rights which could not be violated by other people. In this period all people were considered equal before the eyes of God (Thomas, 2005). In the Christian period, all men were considered equal before the eyes of God and they were all considered to be the children of the almighty. During this period the rights of the women were also highly lobbied for and this was mainly through the teachings of Jesus Christ who asserted that all people were equal before the eyes of God irregardless of their sex, color or race. At this time, through the teachings of Jesus Christ even the slaves were deemed to have some rights and this meant that there was the promotion of the universality ideology. These sentiments however, were not felt by various races especially the Romans who deemed other races as inferior. This can be evidenced by the fact that the Romans being the ruling class enacted laws that were discriminative of other races especially the taxes. Still in this period there was gross abuse of human rights because there were people who were deemed as slaves and they were treated as inferiors (Elizabeth, 2005). In the Secular period, the human rights of all individuals have greatly been lobbied for by various organizations and this has played a very important role in ensuring that there is a gross protection of human rights. The secular world have deemed that every human being was born with a certain inalienable rights and these can be observed by the fact that such things as slavery were abolished and women have been afforded equality in various fronts as politics and

Prevention of diseases Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Prevention of diseases - Assignment Example Children may suffer from various diseases such as asthma and mold at a very tender age due to pollution (Miller, 1976: p.23). Environmental pollution may take various forms such as water or air bore diseases depending on the mode of waste disposal. Poor disposal of highly toxic liquid materials pollutes the environment. This is common to industries that discharge toxic chemicals into water bodies or streams. This will affect individuals who use this water for domestic purposes like cooking or drinking. Mercury consumption may lead to cancer which is an incurable disease that has claimed the lives of many people. New methods should be employed to help in proper disposal of waste materials (Pellow, 2006: p.103-124). Moving vehicles also pollute the environment. The gases emitted from locomotives such as carbon monoxide is very dangerous and poisonous gas to human health. Such gases may lead to death within a short period of time if inhaled. This is so because if the gas is inhaled, it causes complications to the breathing system of human beings and can cause death instantly. Inventing new sources of energy will help to curb this menace or using (Vrijheid, 2000: p.101). However, Scientists have tried modifying and inventing new sources of fuel that are used in the industries and locomotives. The use of electricity has replaced coal that was used earlier in running heavy machinery in most factories. Treating of waste materials from industries has also helped a lot in curbing the menace of water pollution.

How to Talk about the World Essay Example for Free

How to Talk about the World Essay How does the opening paragraph establish the mood and values of the story? With the opening paragraph of the story, reader can feel that the story will be conveying something that is related to discrimination over niggers or black people in the location. It impliedly said that there should be no boundaries to be set using the color of the skin or the race that a certain person belongs to. Also, there should be no ‘special treatment’ to people who are considered to be powerful especially when that person is a relative to anyone who owns the establishment. To associate with the society, special accord should be given to everyone and not to selected few especially if they are well-known to politicians or they are influential because of their wealth. 2) State the nature of the conflict in John? John is having a conflict to himself. He does not know whether or not he will approach Dorris in whatever manner that is politely for her to receive and gentlemanly for him to give. He is having trouble on how to treat Dorris and on how to react on the things that Dorris is showing him. At first, he tried to ignore her but in the later part of the story he can not contain himself by just merely looking at Dorris from a distance. Even though there is a mixed feeling bothering him, may be it can be synonymous to having butterflies in the stomach, John still tried his best to treat Dorris the way she should be treated. However, when their flesh touched each other, both moods shifted gradually and there was a little bit of intimacy that envelopes them. Without them knowing, there is already a contact between them however, they still tend to ignore it because they know nothing will happen. 3) How does the author achieve dramatic conflict between John and Dorris even though they do not speak to each other? The author achieved the dramatic conflict between the two characters when they were dancing graciously in an empty room that only John knows of. It was then that John and Dorris realized that there is something in each other that makes them shiver. After they have had a soulful act outside the stage, they both wanted each other yet the other one is nowhere to be found. In John’s dreams, it was Dorris whom he is dancing with. Imagining Dorris is something that made the drama in the story is interesting. The highlight of the story was when they both entered a room that is only filled with darkness and they both took advantage of the time that they are alone. They were able to satisfy each other’s yearning because of the intensity of the affection that they both showered each other. However, not all things end with a happy note. John disappeared without Dorris knowing. She searched for him yet, nothing happened. Dorris may feel a little bit of regret for having ignored John all the while.

A Confederacy of Dunces :: essays research papers

Journal One: A Confederacy of Dunces Chapter One: Plot: Ignatius waited for Mrs. Reilly outside the department store. A policeman attempted to apprehend Ignatius; a mob ensued with the result of an old man being arrested for calling the policeman a communist. Mrs. Reilly and Ignatius escape to a local bar in which the bartender treats them with a lack of respect as well as eavesdrops on their conversation about Ignatius’ trip to Baton Rouge. The old man, Claude Robichaux, was brought before the police sergeant as well as the officer who brought him in. A black man named Jones made comments during the man’s â€Å"interrogation† and was repeatedly told to shut up by name, giving the idea that this wasn’t the first time Jones had been there. Returning to the Night of Joy bar, Ignatius’ mother sells her hat to a young gentleman for fifteen dollars while Ignatius tells his bus story to a regular customer by the name of Darlene. Mrs. Reilly has a little too much to drink and begins to weave a tale of domestic mistreatment by her boy and Darlene loses interest in Ignatius. Ms. Lee, the bar’s patron returns from a few hours of shopping and kicks the Reillys out of the bar. When Mrs. Reilly tries to drive away from the city, she demolishes a Voltzwagon parked behind the massive ’46 Plymouth and crumbles a balcony of a building she hits. The officer from Ignatius’ previous incident ends the chapter with his arrival in a most awkward costume, punishment for his earlier dealings. Character: Ignatius is a highly intelligent, socially awkward, and interesting character. Plump and at least a little bit apprehensive towards the world in general, he wears an odd assortment of clothing and pines for his lost lumber jacket. He is 30, unemployed and lives with his mother. He spent eight years of college getting a masters degree in an as of yet undisclosed discipline, possibly having to do with medieval history based upon his one known job interview with the head of Medieval Studies in Baton Rouge. Mrs. Reilly is Ignatius’ mother. She has arthritis of the elbow and shows a genuine interest in the well being of her child while on the same time feels a slight feeling of resentment of his overpowering each and every conversation as well as the trouble he finds himself in. Claude Robichaux was the old man who tried to defend Ignatius by calling the policeman a communist.

Protagoras :: Philosophy Papers

Protagoras The passage in question begins with a breakdown in the discussion between Socrates and Protagoras because of disagreement about what its ground rules will be and concludes with the discussion’s restoration. Though formally a mere hiatus from the main line of argument, this passage in fact contains a parable about politics, addressing the question, "How can people of differing abilities and preferences come together to form a community?" Since the passage appears in the middle of a dialogue explicitly concerned with education, the parable extends to education as well. The passage thus provides a springboard for insight into some essential interconnections between and among philosophy, education, and politics. On the one hand, a genuine practitioner of any of the three is ipso facto a engaged in the other two at the same time. And on the other hand, the three share an internal structure which is reflexive and transitive at the same time. In the passage in question, the discussion between Socrates and Protagoras has broken down in disagreement about what its ground rules will be. After some angry saber-rattling from the principals, and some well-meaning intervention from the onlookers, order is restored and the dialogue continues. For all its vivid, memorable banter, the passage is thus apparently no more than a hiatus from the dialogue’s main line of argument.(1) A commentary may skip over it lightly;(2) an anthology may omit it entirely.(3) However, I claim that the passage is more than mere literary entertainment, and has significance beyond the methodology of Socratic dialogue. In this essay I would like to give a reading of the passage which shows it to be not only a dispute about philosophical methodology but also a parable for politics. I will then go on to show that this political parable, placed as it is at the center of a philosophical work in which education is explicitly at issue, suggests some esse ntial interconnections between philosophy, politics, and education. The discussion between Socrates, the dialectician, and Protagoras, the speech-maker, began in a friendly fashion (317e), but by 334d it has broken down entirely. Socrates’s elenchus has exposed some problems in Protagoras’s position, and Protagoras seems to realize that things go better for him when he makes a speech (as at 320d-328d). When he extricates himself from a tight spot into which Socrates has backed him by giving a short speech (334a-c) which brings him applause, Socrates realizes that Protagoras does not wish to engage in dialectic.

Energy Crisi in Pakistan

Tarbela’s 4th extension project to add 1410 MW Posted by  admin  on August 22, 2011  in  PkToday  |  0 Comment ISLAMABAD (APP) – The total generation capacity of the Tarbela Hydropower Station will touch 4,888 megawatt mark with the addition of 1,410 MW as a result of 4th extension project. Official sources told APP on Sunday that the detailed engineering design, tender documents and PC-1 of the Tarbela 4th Extension Project were in active progress and would be completed by next month and would cost $5. 5 million provided by the World Bank.M/S Mott MacDonald (UK) was hired for the detailed engineering design of the project. The sources said that the project would take four years after award of the contract. They said the project would not only generate additional 1410 MW cheap hydel power but also save foreign exchange of $ 900 million spent on import of one million tons of furnace oil annually for equivalent generation of electricity from thermal resources. The World Bank has also shown interest in financing civil works and generating units of the project during the construction, they said.The project will also provide a cushion to undertake rehabilitation and up-gradation of the existing Tarbela Power House during the lean period. It is pertinent to mention that Tarbela`s 4th Extension Project is a part of least-cost energy generation plan, being implemented by WAPDA (Water and Power Development Authority) on priority to harness indigenous hydropower resources of the country with a view to improving the ratio of hydel electricity in the national grid. 50 MW coal power plant being installed in SIEPosted by  admin  on September 23, 2011  in  PkToday  |  1 Comment Punjab Industrial Estates (PIE) has completed initial work to install the first ever 50 megawatt (MW) coal power generation plant in Sundar Industrial Estate (SIE) in Lahore while process of getting license from NEPRA is underway. For this purpose, the Board of Dir ector of PIE has established a power committee under PIE, which will look after this and other power related projects of industrial estates of Punjab. You can read also Thin Film Solar CellChairman of PIE, SM Tanveer in a briefing to Lahore Economic Journalist Association on Thursday said extension work of 132 KVA grid station of PIE was also underway to add additional 34 megawatt in the industrial estate system to ensure uninterrupted availability of power to the industries of the SIE. Meanwhile, PIE has also started Industrial Estate development work in Bahlwal and Rahim Yar Khan with its own resources, he said adding that planning and development of ten other industrial estates in the province was also underway.He said these industrial estates would be established in Kasur Tannery Park, Gujrat, Vehari, Bahawalpur, D G Khan, Wazirabad Cutlery Cluster, Jhang, Okara, Sahiwal and Rawalpindi. He said PIE was working under the vision of Punjab Chief Minister Muhammad Shahbaz Sharif to make the Punjab an industrial hub in the country with all modern facilities. He said a 100-acre Halal Park would also be established in Rahim Yar Khan a nd Multan Industrial Estates to promote the Halal products of Pakistan and get its share from world Halal food market.He said PIEDMC made the public private partnership concept successful and completing its project without support of any government institution. He said the Punjab government had given Rs 1 billion only at the time the PIEDMC was established—and now the company is worth around Rs 15 billion. Talking about the financials of the company, S M Tanveer said that PIE BoD approved 2005 to 2008 accounts while international repute Internal and External Auditors was appointed for self-accountability of the PIEDMC.He said SIE is a state-of-the-art industrial estate in Pakistan where all utilities and concerned departments offices including SNGPL, EOBI and Social Security were established. He said as the result of the present management of the PIE, the Punjab government had abolished capital value tax. He said the master plan of Bahlwal Industrial Estate was completed and litigations in Multan Industrial Estate were finished so that work on Phase-II of this estate could be started.PIEDMC is under process of developing Rahim Yar Khan, Bhalwal, Multan Phase II and Vehari industrial estates and total available land is 1590 acres whereas the sellable land is 1,094 acres—approx 70% of the total land. Whereas the remaining 30% will be used for horticulture and infrastructure development. Chairman of PIE informed it is worth mentioning that through industrialisation of these industrial estates â€Å"we will generate 192,000 jobs. † He further explained the total contribution in the GDP of the country would be approx Rs 17 billion. OUTLINE: 1. Introduction . Pakistan’s Energy Sector 2. 1 Energy Supply 2. 2 Energy Consumption 3. Sources of Energy in Pakistan 3. 1 Non-renewable resources (Fossil fuels) a). Petroleum products b). Natural Gas c). Coal 3. 2 Renewable Resources a). Hydro power o Current Hydropower stations o Potential Hydropow er stations 3. 3 Alternative Energy Sources a). Wind b). Solar c). Agricultural biomass /biodiesel d). Tidal 3. 4 Nuclear 4. Causes of Energy Crisis 4. 1 Growing Energy Demand 4. 2 Lack of proactive and integrated planning for production of energy 4. 3 Imbalanced energy mix 4. Non-utilization of enormous indigenous energy resources   a). Thar Coal b). Hydal power generation 5. Consequences of Energy Crisis 5. 1 Economic Factors 5. 2 Agriculture Sector 5. 3 Industrial Sector 5. 4 Unemployment 5. 5 Social Issues 5. 6 Poverty 6. Conclusion 7. Recommendation/Solutions of Energy Crisis 7. 1 Judicious energy use/saving unecessary energy usage o electricity saving devices o Awareness campaign for energy saving o Reduction in unnecessary transportations o Installation of effective equipment/energy efficient in industries o Decreasing line/transmission losses . 2 Developing new energy resources o Tapping indigenous resources o Using renewable resources (water) by constructing new dams and hydro power plants   o Import of natural gas o Utilizing alternative energy resources Wind power Biodiesel /Biomass Solar Tidal o Enhancing civilian nuclear capacity 1. Introduction : Energy is considered to be life line of any economy and most vital instrument of socioeconomic development of a country. Energy is pivotal in running machinery in factories and industrial units, for lighting our cities and powering our vehicles etc.There has been an enormous increase in the demand of energy as a result of industrial development and population growth, in comparison to enhancement in energy production. Supply of energy is, therefore, far less than the actual demand, resultantly crisis has emerged. An energy crisis can be defined as any great bottleneck (or price rise) in the supply of energy resources to an economy. 2. Pakistan’s Energy Sector: Pakistan’s energy infrastructure is not well developed, rather it is considered to be underdeveloped and poorly managed. Currentl y the country is facing severe energy crisis.Despite of strong economic growth and rising energy demand during past decade, no serious efforts have been made to install new capacity of generation. Moreover, rapid demand growth, transmission losses due to outdated infrastructure, power theft, and seasonal reductions in the availability of hydropower have worsened the situation. Consequently, the demand exceeds supply and hence load-shedding is a common phenomenon through power shutdown. 2. 1 Energy Supply : During 2009-10, Energy supply and per capita availability of energy witnessed a decline of 0. 64 % and 3. 09 % respectively in comparison to previous year.Pakistan needs around 15,000 to 20000 MW electricity per day, however, currently it is able to produce about 11,500 MW per day hence there is a shortfall of about 4000 to 9000 MW per day. This shortage is badly hampering the economic growth of the country. 2. 2 Energy Consumption : Pakistan’s energy consumption is met by mix of gas, oil, electricity, coal and LPG sources with different level of shares. Share of gas consumption stood at 43. 7 %, followed by oil 29. 0 percent, electricity 15. 3 percent, coal 10. 4 percent and LPG 1. 5 percent. 3. Sources of Energy in Pakistan: 3. 1 Non-renewable resources (Fossil fuels):  [Limited – Expensive]Non renewable resources are primarily fossil fuels emanating from remains/decomposition of animals and plants deposited deep into the earth crust and converted into oil and gas. These resources cannot be replenished. There are three main types of fossil fuels: coal, petroleum, natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). a). Petroleum products: In 2009-10, consumption of petroleum products was 29% of total share of energy. Majority of crude oil is imported from gulf countries to meet the demand. Power, industry and transport sectors consume higher quantity of petroleum followed by agriculture and house holds.Petroleum is also used in generation of elec tricity, which counts 64 percent of total electricity generation (34 coming from hydro generation). Balance recoverable reserves of crude oil in country have been estimated at 303. 63 million barrels and we are extracting approximately 24 million crude oil annually, meaning if we do not explore new wells, we will exhaust our current crude oil reserves in 12-13 years. b). Natural Gas: Importance of natural gas is increasing rapidly. Average production of natural gas is 4,048. 76 million cubic feet per day as against 3,986. 53 million during corresponding last year, showing an increase of 1. 6 percent. Natural gas is used in general industry to prepare consumer items, to produce cement, for manufacturing fertilizers and to generate electricity. In form of CNG, it is used in transport sector. Share of natural gas in energy consumption is 43. 7 percent. Due to price differential between CNG and Petrol, vehicles are using converted to CNG and approximately 2. 0 million vehicles are using CNG and currently Pakistan is the largest CNG user country in the world. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) contributes around 0. 7 percent to total energy supply in country and is being imported to stop deforestation in hilly areas. ). Coal: Pakistan has coal reserves estimated at over 185 billion tonnes, including 175 billion tonnes identified at Thar coalfields. Coal is primarily being used in brick kiln and cement industries and approximately 67 percent coal is imported because indigenous coal is not considered of good quality. Guddu plant is largest plant thermal operated plant with a capacity of 1,650 MW, while two largest Independent Power Plants (IPPs) in Pakistan are Kot Addu (1,600 MW) and Hubb River (1,300 MW). 3. 2 Renewable Resources : (Unlimited – sustainable – clean)Renewable energy resources are those, which are naturally replenished and comes from resources such as water, sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat. a). Hydro power: Hydro power is gen erated by using electricity generators to extract energy from moving water. Pakistan is having rich resource of energy in hydal power, however, only 34 % of total electricity generation is coming from hydro power. Currently we are having 6555 MW against the potential of 41000 to 45000 MW. Current Hydropower stations: Tarbella Dam : 3,478 MW Ghazi Brotha: 1450 MW Mangla 1,000 MW Warsak 240 MW Chashma 184 MW Potential Hydropower stations:Diamer-Bhasha Dam 4500 MW Munda Dam – Swat river in Mohamand Agency 740 MW Kalabagh Dam 2400-3600 MW Bunji Dam 5400 MW Dasu Dam 3800 MW 3. 3 Alternative Sources of Energy  : a). Wind: Wind power harnesses the power of the wind to propel the blades of wind turbines. These turbines cause the rotation of magnets, which creates electricity. Though Pakistan has potentials of wind energy ranging from 10000 MW to 50000 MW, yet power generation through wind is in initial stages in Pakistan and currently 06 MW has been installed in first phase in Jham pir through a Turkish company and 50 MW will be installed shortly.More wind power plants will be built in Jhampir, Gharo, Keti Bandar and Bin Qasim Karachi. b). Solar : Solar power involves using solar cells to convert sunlight into electricity, using sunlight hitting solar thermal panels to convert sunlight to heat water or air. Pakistan has potential of more than 100,000 MW from solar energy. Building of solar power plants is underway in Kashmir, Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan. However, private vendors are importing panels / solar water heaters for consumption in the market. Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB) is working for 20,000 solar water heaters in Gilgit Baltistan.Mobile companies have been asked by the government to shift supply of energy to their transmission towers from petroleum to solar energy panels. c). Agricultural biomass /biodiesel : Biomass production involves using garbage or other renewable resources such as sugarcane, corn or other vegetation to generat e electricity. When garbage decomposes, methane is produced and captured in pipes and later burned to produce electricity. Vegetation and wood can be burned directly to generate energy, like fossil fuels, or processed to form alcohols.Brazil has one of the largest renewable energy programs from biomass/biodiesel in the world, followed by USA. Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB) of Pakistan has planned to generate 10 MW of electricity from municipal waste in Karachi followed by similar projects in twenty cities of country. d). Tidal: Tidal power can be extracted from Moon-gravity-powered tides by locating a water turbine in a tidal current. The turbine can turn an electrical generator, or a gas compressor, that can then store energy until needed. Coastal tides are a source of clean, free, renewable, and sustainable energy.Plans are underway in Pakistan to harness tidal energy, however, no implementation has been made so far. 3. 4 Nuclear: Nuclear power stations use nuclear fi ssion reaction to generate energy by the reaction of uranium inside a nuclear reactor. Pakistan has a small nuclear power program, with 425 MW capacity, but there are plans to increase this capacity substantially. Since Pakistan is outside the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, it is excluded from trade in nuclear plant or materials, which hinders its development of civil nuclear energy.Remaining issues in development of nuclear energy are enricment of uranium from U235 to U238, controlling chain reaction and dumping of solid waste. Pakistan Nuclear Power Reactors Reactor Type MW Construction started Commercial operation Karachi PHWR 125 1966 1972 Chashma 1 PWR 300 1993 2000 Chashma 2 PWR 300 2005 expected 2011 Total 425 MW * Pressurized heavy water reactor (PHWR) – Canadian based reactors   ** Pressurized water reactor (PWR) – Chinese based reactors 4. Causes of Energy Crisis  : Pakistan’s energy crisis traces its roots to following distinct causes : * Growi ng Energy Demand over the years there is greater need of energy because of; †¢ increase in population, †¢ enhancement in lifestyle †¢ industrial and agricultural growth †¢ greater transportation needs * Lack of proactive and integrated planning for production of energy: Pakistan has had wider potentials to tap energy, however, due to lack of any integrated/proactive planning, very less number of power producing plant were installed to meet futuristic demands. Resultantly, over the years, the gap between energy demand and supply drastically grew and now against demand of 20000 MW, we are having around 11500 MW. Imbalanced energy energy mix Energy mix in Pakistan is quite imbalance in comparison to other countries, with greater reliance on non-renewable resources of gas (43. 7 %) and oil (29 % – majority of which is imported). Prices of petroleum products/crude oil fluctuate and in current Afro-Arab political crisis, the oil prices are likely to increase man ifold affecting oil prices in Pakistan. A rational energy mix planning ought to be developed giving greater dependency to renewable (hydel power), indigenous (coal) and alternative energy resources (wind and solar energy).Nuclear energy can   * Non-utilization of enormous indigenous energy resources: o Thar Coal: Pakistan is having one of the largest coal fields in Thar, having reserves of more than 175 billion tones, which exceeds equivalent oil reserves of Saudi Arabia, Iran etc. In addition to power generation, this coal can be used for chemical and fertilizer production. Moreover, employment provided to workforce can be instrumental in increasing GDP and economic prosperity to many families. o Hydal power generation :Pakistan has potential of hydro resources to generate 41000 to 45000 MW, however, only 6555 MW is currently being generated by this important renewable resource. Four large hydro power dams namely Kalabagh 3600 MW, Bhasha 4500 MW, Bunji 5400 MW and Dasu 3800 MW ca n be constructed to generate hydro electricity. Similarly, many small to medium hydro plants can be installed on rivers and canals etc. 5. Consequences of Energy Crisis : i). Economic Factors: Energy is pivotal for running all other resources and crisis of energy directly influences all other sectors of the economy.The economic progress is hampered by decline in agricultural productivity as well as by halting in operations of industries. One important factor of lower GDP and inflation of commodity prices in recent years is attributed to shortfalls in energy supply. ii). Agriculture Sector: Agricultural productivity of Pakistan is decreasing due to provision of energy for running tube wells, agricultural machinery and production of fertilizers and pesticides. Thus higher energy means higher agricultural productivity. iii).Industrial Sector: Nearly all Industrial units are run with the energy and breakage in energy supply is having dire consequences on industrial growth. As a result o f decline in energy supply, industrial units are not only being opened, but also the existing industrial units are gradually closing. iv). Unemployment: By closure of industrial units and less agricultural productivity, new employment opportunities ceased to exist and already employed manpower is shredded by the employers to increase their profit ratios. Thus energy crisis contributes towards unemployment. v).Social Issues: This factor is primarily related to the domestic usage of energy (cooking, heating and water provision). Load shedding cause unrest and frustration amongst the people and results in agitation against the government. vi). Poverty: Declination in economic growth, lower agricultural productivity, unemployment and shackling industrial growth result in increasing poverty. Currently, around forty percent of our population is living beyond poverty line and this ratio is increasing day by day. Ample control of energy crisis will surely yield in curbing the menace of pove rty. 6. Conclusion:Energy Crisis has, more or less, plagued all sectors of Pakistan’s machinery ranging from economy to industry, agriculture to social life, inflation to poverty and it is hampering national progress in a drastic manner. Nonetheless, menace of energy crisis can be overwhelmed by government through making effective policies and its proactive implementation. Simultaneously, it is the responsibility of us, the people of Pakistan, to utilize the available energy astutely and wisely to play our due role for progress of the country. 7. Recomendations/Solutions of Energy Crisis  : Energy crisis can be curtailed by : ). Reducing unnecessary energy use: o Usage of electricity saving devices o Awareness campaign for energy saving o Reduction in unnecessary transportations by developing good public transport systems and strengthening Pakistan railways   o Reduction in industrial uses with installation of effective equipment/ energy efficient and with increasing effi ciency of workforce (cost effective) o Decreasing reliance on rental power projects, because instead of doing any good, they are increasing prices of electricity. o Decreasing line losses by using efficient power transmission cables ii).Developing new energy resources : o Tapping indigenous resources (Thar coal) o Using renewable resources (water) by constructing new dams and hydro power plants   o Import of natural gas by IPI (Iran Pakistan India) and TAPI (Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India) pipelines   o Import of electricity from Tajikistan -through Pak Afghan Tajikistan transmission- and Iran (approximately 1000 MW from each of them) pipelines o Utilizing alternative energy resources : Wind power Biodiesel /Biomass Solar Tidal o Enhancing civilian nuclear capacity ENERGY CRISIS IN PAKISTAN IntroductionPresent scenario of crisis †¢ Demand supply gap †¢ Counter measures Reasons of energy crisis †¢ Unrealistic plans and improper implementation †¢ Failure of introducing new projects †¢ Underutilization of resources †¢ Circular debt †¢ International oil prices †¢ Provincial prejudices †¢ Water shortage †¢ Transmission losses †¢ Power wastage †¢ Theft of electric power †¢ Accelerating demand †¢ Minimal research/exploration Immediate efforts/goals †¢ RPPs †¢ Stabilizing industrial sector †¢ Limiting commercial supply hours Short term goals †¢ Reviving non functional power plants †¢ Revamping transmission system Thar coal project †¢ IPI gas pipeline project †¢ Alternate/renewable energy sources Long term goals †¢ Conforming foreign policy and energy needs †¢ New dams †¢ Transparency †¢ Efficient techniques and usage †¢ Measures against power theft Energy crisis in transportation sector †¢ Biofuels/synfuels †¢ Standard of public transport system Hurdles †¢ Lack of will and implementation †¢ Corruption and malpractices †¢ Trust deficit conclusion â€Å"It is evident that the fortune o f the world’s human populations, for better or for worse, are inextricably interrelated with the use that is made of energy resources. M. King Hubbert The nexus between economic prosperity and self sufficiency in energy has become essentially vital for Pakistan. Today the energy crisis looming before us is the culmination of a long list of governmental failures, malpractices along with inefficient ways of consumption and a perpetually fragile economy. The futility of apparent counter measures can be attributed to slow or non existent exploration and exploitation of new resources; outdated administrative and technical systems; lack of tactful diplomacy at international level, all requiring immediate attention.Presently, the demand-supply gap in the energy sector has reached one of its highest in the country. This gap subsequently produced huge shortage of power that has adversely affected the economy. The crippling economy was further damaged when many industrial units had to be shut down, rendering thousands jobless. Consequently, this on going chain of crises is accelerating inflation. The government has intended to counter it with Rental Power Plants (RPPs) like the previous IPPs and to ease the burden on common man the authorities claim to be providing continuous subsidies in the power sector.However, the constant trust deficit on the part of masses is not only due to the transparency issue of RPPs, it is majorly due to a constant increase in power failures and shortage, revealing an increase in the crisis instead of signs of recovery. If we take a look at the factors contributing to this enormous problem, the first and foremost one comes out to be the absence of any long term planning along with constant application of such plans. Sadly, the failures of previous governments to increase the supply of energy by new measures against the escalating demand are glari ngly obvious.Small scale projects like the Ghazi barotha only put a temporary halt to the arriving crisis instead of nipping it in the bud. Secondly, the under utilization of available resources- especially hydroelectric one which can produce double the energy it is producing now- is another major setback. The government again fails or neglects to consider the shortages in winter and up-gradation of the hydroelectric and the thermal plants regularly. Thirdly, the ‘circular debt’ is like an invisible impediment subtly fuelling up the crisis.It is an inheritance of former subsidies which the government failed to pay to the power companies, who in turn could not pay the oil and gas companies for supplies. Add to this the fluctuating international oil prices and the failing economy_ the war against terrorism and decreasing Foreign Direct investment-worsened the problem and induced further power and imported oil shortage. Subsequently, the political heads had to turn their e yes back to hydroelectric power generation.But the projects like Kalabagh Dam became victims of narrow mindedness and provincial prejudices which led to failure of consensus of opinion. Had the Kalabagh Dam been built on time, we would not be confronted with this crisis today. Also the acute shortage of water; the curtailed supply in eastern rivers by India; major consumption and wastage of water in irrigation and the decreasing capacity of Mangela and Terbela Dams due to sedimentation render the hydroelectric power generation equally problematic as the thermal power generation.Of the chronic factors, the heavy line losses plus the old and poorly maintained transmission system is a grave administrative and technical failure of public sector power companies. These line losses are comparatively very low elsewhere in the world. Similarly, in the industrial and agricultural sectors which avail more than seventy percent of total power, the outdated techniques and malpractices of consumpt ion waste more than a third of the consumed power. Moreover, the masses do not remain behind in adding to this loss. The theft of electricity, especially in urban areas has become a routine matter.Due to the decades old perception that this is a never ending crisis and no accountability whatsoever, people tend to use unfair means of obtaining electric power. Another reason is the unprecedented increase in demand of energy. It is due to the trend of enjoying luxurious life style in the past decade. This increased demand by the domestic section has greatly disturbed the usually articulated demand and consumption status. Last but not least, snail paced research, minimal exploitation of new energy reserves and exploration of new oil and gas field damages progress in the energy sector.Couple this with the never ending corruption and lack of implementation in government and power companies this crisis has become a consistent and self perpetuating one. Seen in this perspective, Pakistan no t only needs immediate efforts to reduce the demand-supply gap but also some elaborate and well chalked out immediate, short and long term plans and efforts. Thankfully, some sections in the society are aware of the magnanimity of this dire problem. The RPPs are expected to start working soon and the subsidies in the energy sector are still cushioning at least a part of the blow.But the real issue is of determining priorities and extracting maximum results even from this bleak scenario. Keeping this in view, the first policy of the government should be to supply uninterrupted supply of power to the industrial units, small or big, especially in industrial cities like Faisalabad, Gujaranwala. Also the power supply should be continuous for small local businesses throughout the country. Even if it equates to the continuation of the domestic shortage for a while, at least half of the RPPs should be employed for the industrial section.In addition, there are some non-operating power statio ns in the country which only require a little investment and technical improvements to revive them. Such power units should be made effective to pull the economy out of complete doom. Secondly, the markets and shopping centers should be strictly enforced to close their business till 10 pm at night. This save power in different parts of each city can be diverted towards the domestic consumers by means of an effective administrative local system. The media and provincial governments would be of utmost importance in this strategy.The media specially, can acquire public support and educate masses in this regard. Resultantly, they will be able to remove the trust deficit between the government and the people. Coming on to the short term goals, the main focus should be on the revival of those dead power generation units in Sindh and Punjab which can be made functional again and the systematic up-gradation of thermal and hydroelectric plants. Resultantly, these projects will maintain the s mooth flow of energy and will at least prevent any further widening in the demand-supply gap.Similarly, the replacement of transmission lines to reduce losses should fall under the auspices of the provincial governments and ministries with proper allocation of budget from the center. The replacement of expired transmission systems is long overdue. This process must be gradual and systematic to refrain from becoming a drain on the resources and it should be initiated from areas most severely hit by energy shortage. After curbing and curing the internal ills, the attention should be diverted to exploration of new fossil fuel reserves (natural gas).As the thermally generated accounts for the major share of power in Pakistan, it should be dealt with effectively. Contrary to the deficit of oil reserves, the coal reserves in Pakistan are the second largest in the world. But the delay in switching from indigenous energy sources to coal is due to the snail paced progress in the Thar Coal Pr oject that is in collaboration with China. China’ rocketing economy has driven coal industry into a new era of efficient utilization. Pakistan should take heed from China’s example and should gain technical assistance from it.Both countries can collaborate in Gwadar and Thar to explore and exploit new gas and coal reserves. Coming on to the gas pipeline projects, the IRAN-PAKISTAN-INDIA (IPI) pipeline is most realistic plausible one presently. It is at an efficiently advanced stage of implementation but has fallen prey to the disagreement in pricing formulas and trust deficit between India and Pakistan. Both the thar coal and IPI project require tactful diplomatic maneuvering and improving ties with India. An agreement between the two countries on IPI will enhance the prospects of resolving the water issue as well.Another aspect of solving this problem is the utilization of alternate and renewable resources of energy. It has been adopted by many developing and develope d countries of the country to avert this crisis, such as Brazil, India, U. S. , Holland etc. Pakistan however, lags far behind in this regard. Consequently, some NGOs and public communities have took initiative in harnessing the renewable resources of energy such as wind and solar power. Pakistan is ideally situated to make use of both these resources. Isolated cases of developing these modes of energy can be seen in the illages of Thar desert ( solar energy ) and in some areas of Thattha and Karachi ( wind energy ) but it still needs massive government support. Interestingly, the Alternate Energy Development Board (AEDB) of Pakistan has collected data of all areas in the country suitable for making use of these alternate sources of energy but initiative for utilization of these sources are absent. Pakistan can very efficiently make use of its long day light hours and wind power in the coastal region to produce power for upcoming years.Most important in the long term planning and go als must be to streamline the foreign policy of the country according to its economic and energy needs. Improving and increasing ties with future energy rich countries must not be neglected. As mentioned earlier, China can be a great asset in technical training and facilities. Similarly, bilateral relations with Russia, Central Asian, East African states needs to be strengthened. These countries are the new energy hubs of the world, and being mostly land locked (C. A. states) can make use of Gwadar port and in return assist Pakistan as well.Taking Provincial prejudices and politics into view, the matters which are indispensable for the survival of the country and economy should be kept above such strife. Building new dams, at least Kalabagh dam should be taken on without and delay. Transparency and clarity in the policies and implementation methods of government and public sector power companies is of paramount importance. Without checking corruption and applying stringent measures against malpractices, all well executed policies will ultimately become another drain for the economy.Moreover, educating the stakeholders and workers in the industrial and agricultural sectors on adoption of new and efficient practices of water and energy consumption will tend to reduce the wastage of energy. The theft of electricity must be considered and declared a heinous crime and any violations by domestic or industrial users should be liable to legal penalties and complete power cut off for such consumers. Taking a look at the energy crisis in the transportation sector, there is no doubt that fossil fuels are indeed depleting in the world and of reserves natural gas in Pakistan.To curb the hike in prices and supply shortage , research and exploration of new sites must be given impetus under the patronage of AEDB. Meanwhile, bio fuel ( alcohol or synthetic fuel ) can be produced quite easily in Pakistan. Raw materials for this fuel being wheat and other cereals are in ample su pply in Pakistan. Alcohol can be easily prepared by fermentation of molasses and is already a proper local industry in the country it just needs to be diverted in the right course. Finally, the system and standard of public transport must be improved to discourage the trend of personal vehicles which leads to greater demands of fuel.Making policies has never been the plight of our government. It is the lack of implementation which keeps the wheel of crisis moving. Today our government not only needs to take initiatives and hard decisions it also needs to give a boost to the dying economy by providing unimpeded supply of power to industries. Secondly, corruption, misuse of funds, malpractices of energy consumption and wastage must b avoided and eradicated at all costs. Last but not least, the public trust and support is of utmost important. No policy can succeed if it doesn’t enjoy public support.Media can play an effective role in creating awareness and trust that it is actua lly a global crisis which can only be solved with help and conscious effort by every citizen. Conclusively, curbing the energy crisis requires transparent efforts at every level imaginable. The future policies and projects should be so oriented as to make Pakistan self sufficient in the energy sector. Self sufficiency in the energy sector will be the key to a flourishing economy, and a stable economy can serve as a device of curbing several interlinked adversities. The sooner we realize the gravity of this as a whole, the sooner we will emerge out of this crisis.